Molecular target identification for translational medicine: the anticancer topoisomerase I inhibitors.

Dr. Pommier received his MD and PhD degrees from the University of Paris, France and has been at the NIH since 1981. Dr. Pommier is a member of the Molecular Target steering committee at the NCI. He received an NIH Merit Award for his role in elucidating the function of topoisomerase enzymes as targets for anticancer drugs and Federal Technology Transfer Awards for studies on HIV-1 integrase and DNA topoisomerase inhibitors. Dr. Pommier is a program committee member of the American Association for Cancer Research, Senior Editor for Cancer Research, and associate editor for Cancer Research, Molecular Pharmacology, Leukemia, The Journal of Experimental Therapeutics and Oncology, The International Journal of Oncology, and Drug Resistance Updates. Dr. Pommier holds several patents for inhibitors of DNA topoisomerases I and II and HIV-1 integrase inhibitors

Macroscopic Analysis of the Disease

Macroscopic Analysis of the Disease

By Julio Diaz-Perez, Juan Barajas-Gamboa

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In recent years the study of the diseases has advanced in complexity focused in molecular and laboratory studies, perhaps this valuable advances the medical exercise are guided in more of the cases by an accurate clinical examination. For the correct identification of the patterns given for each disease the clinician need a deep background in general pathology and in the identification of a correct diagnosis.

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Cancer Research Now: Molecular Imaging in Prostate Cancer

Hereditary breast cancer: genetic code unravelled

Ground-breaking UK-led research has unravelled the complete genetic code of the most common type of hereditary breast cancer for the first time.

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/path.4003/abstract;jsessionid=1648B0FC2F2BAD9EA28875FBBFE626A3.d02t04

Scientists from the Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) have fully sequenced the DNA of two breast cancers caused by a faulty BRCA1 gene. Surprisingly, changes in the genetic code of the two tumours looked almost entirely different from one another. This information can now help scientists identify better treatment strategies for patients with a faulty BRCA1 gene.

The study today also produced preliminary results identifying three new breast cancer genes – DAPK3, TMEM135 and GATA4. These are tumour suppressor genes which, when mutated, could be involved in causing breast cancer or driving its growth. The results are published today online in the Journal of Pathology.

Hereditary breast cancer accounts for up to 10% of all breast cancers, or around 4,500 cases in the UK each year. The most common cause is a faulty BRCA1 gene. Women with a BRCA1 mutation have around  up to 85 per cent risk of developing breast cancer during their lifetime. BRCA1 breast cancers are usually aggressive and typically do not benefit from targeted drugs such as tamoxifen and Herceptin (trastuzumab).

Study co-author, Professor Jorge Reis-Filho, from the Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre at the ICR, said: “This research has big implications for how we treat hereditary breast cancer in the future. We often consider patients with a faulty BRCA gene as one group but our work shows that each tumour can look very different from each other genetically. Now we understand this, we can start to identify the best treatment strategies to save more lives of hereditary breast cancer patients.”

The scientists looked at two tumours, both caused by a faulty BRCA1 gene, with one classified as hormone receptor negative and one hormone receptor positive. They then tracked all of the genetic mutations in both of the tumours and found only one similarity in addition to the initial BRCA1 fault. All of the additional genetic alterations were different. The hormone receptor negative tumour had around twice as many mutations as the other, underlining the differences that have occurred in their DNA.

Based on the alterations found in these two cases, the scientists scanned the genome of another group of breast cancers and identified three genes that were found to be altered in several other tumours. Although these genes have not previously been linked to breast cancer, the results suggest they may drive the identification of additional subtypes of breast cancer.

Study co-author Dr Rachael Natrajan, from the Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre at the ICR, said: “It is exciting to find new genes which could be involved in causing and driving breast cancer. Now these have been identified we have to do more work to find out the role that they play. Ultimately, this knowledge could help us develop new treatments that target the specific defects of each patient’s disease.”

The UK-led study also included teams from the Institut Curie in France, the University Medical Center Utrecht in the Netherlands, and The Cancer Research UK London Research Institute and the University of Nottingham in the UK.

Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

Stanley Lipkowitz, M.D., Ph.D., senior investigator in the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), will present, "An Introduction to Genomics: Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment." His lecture is part of the Genomics in Medicine Lecture Seriessponsored by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) in collaboration with Suburban Hospital and Johns Hopkins Medical School.

Dr. Lipkowitz will introduce the genomic characterization of breast cancer as currently used in the clinic to define breast cancer subtypes, stratify risk and determine treatment. He will also discuss how genomics are likely to impact the future management of breast cancer.

Creating a Healthier Future

David A. Cheresh, PhD, Professor and Vice Chair of Pathology; Associate Director for Translational Research. Moores Cancer Center; and Associate Director of the Institute of Engineering in Medicine presents new treatments to prevent and cure cancer as part of IDEaS, celebrating the 50th anniversary of UC San Diego. Series:

DNA

 This is the definitive documentary account of how the human race found the secret of life. It reveals how a gawky American biologist, with a strong interest in birds came to team up with a cocky, but brilliant physicist in Cambridge, England. Against all the odds, they decided to tackle the problem of the century and would succeed in doing so. Was DNA the key to life?Specifically, it was a race between two teams of young scientists working in Britain, as well as the esteemed chemist Linus Pauling, based in California. Already a Nobel laureate, Pauling may have been the favorite, but the discovery would ultimately be made by his British counterparts. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins were trying to identify the structure by studying X-ray diffractions of the DNA molecule. But Jim Watson and Francis Crick studied a little bit of everything including, to the consternation of some, the work of their competitors. A few have gone so far as to accuse Watson of stealing Franklin's X-ray work. In any case, Waston and Crick's inquisitive working style ultimately allowed them to determine the DNA structure first, in 1953 an achievement that led to their Nobel Prize in 1962. Franklin passed away in 1958 from cancer.A half-century ago, the two unknown scientists heralded the dawning of a new era in biology and human life as they entered an English pub! Jim Watson and Francis Crick were hardly exaggerating. Their achievements almost single handedly launched the new science of DNA. Interviews with renowned scientists and stunningly realized animations and reconstructions of experiments offer a glimpse of the molecular basis of life.Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms (with the exception of RNA viruses). The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information. DNA is often compared to a set of blueprints, like a recipe or a code, since it contains the instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules. The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information.

Neuroimaging Predictors of Survival, Pathology, and Molecular Profiles

Dr. Gutman received his bachelor's in chemistry from Penn State. Following college, he entered the MD/PhD program at Emory and received his PhD in Neuroscience, and MD, in2005.  He subsequently completed a Psychiatry residency at Emory University in June 2009.  Since then, he has joined CCI as a research scientist.  His area of research interest during residency focused on understanding the neurocircuitry of depression, with a focus on advanced neuroimaging techniques including diffusion tensor imaging.  While at CCI, he has focused on the analysis and management of digital pathology and radiology images from Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). He holds an appointment as Assistant Professor with the Department of Biomedical Informatics at Emory University School of Medicine

Will Dendritic Cell Subsets Help Us Address the Challenges of Cancer, Autoimmunity & Viral

Dr. Jacques Banchereau is director of the Baylor Institute for Immunology Research in Dallas and holds The Max and Gayle Clampitt Chair for Immunology Research. He received his Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of Paris in 1980 and later served as director of the Schering Plough Laboratory for Immunological Research near Lyon, France, where he was among the first to discover how to grow human dendritic cells. Dr. Banchereau came to Baylor in 1996 to develop the Institute for Immunology and serves as an adjunct professor at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School. He also serves on the National Institutes of Health's Experimental Immunology Study Section, Center for Scientific Review, in the area of experimental immunology. He has published more than 275 papers and 170 book chapters and reviews in major international journals, reviews manuscripts for various scientific journals and is a frequent speaker at national and international scientific conferences. His research interests center around various areas of immunology and cancer including dendritic cells, novel cytokines and antibody-producing B lymphocytes.

30 Years of AIDS